The 2015 Ig Nobel Prizes were awarded on Thursday night, September 17th, 2015 at the 25th First Annual Ig Nobel Prize Ceremony, at Harvard's Sanders Theatre.

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Computus - Wikipedia. Watch Cars 3 (2017) Free Online more. Computus (Latin for . Because the date is based on a calendar- dependent equinox rather than the astronomical one, there are differences between calculations done according to the Julian calendar and the modern Gregorian calendar. The name has been used for this procedure since the early Middle Ages, as it was considered the most important computation of the age.

For most of their history Christians have calculated Easter independently of the Jewish calendar. In principle, Easter falls on the Sunday following the full moon that follows the northern spring equinox (the paschal full moon). However, the vernal equinox and the full moon are not determined by astronomical observation. The vernal equinox is fixed to fall on 2. March (previously it varied in different areas and in some areas Easter was allowed to fall before the equinox).

The full moon is an ecclesiastical full moon determined by reference to a lunar calendar, which again varied in different areas. While Easter now falls at the earliest on the 1. The last limit arises from the fact that the crucifixion was considered to have happened on the 1. Passover) and the resurrection therefore on the sixteenth. The synodic month had already been measured to a high degree of accuracy.

The schematic model that eventually was accepted is the Metonic cycle, which equates 1. In 1. 58. 3, the Catholic Church began using 2. March under the Gregorian calendar to calculate the date of Easter, while the Eastern Churches have continued to use 2. March under the Julian calendar. The Catholic and Protestant denominations thus use an ecclesiastical full moon that occurs four, five or 3. The earliest and latest dates for Easter are 2. March and 2. 5 April.

However, in the Orthodox Churches, while those dates are the same, they are reckoned using the Julian calendar; therefore, on the Gregorian calendar as of the 2. April and 8 May. History. According to Eusebius' Church History, quoting Polycrates of Ephesus. The rest of the Christian world at that time, according to Eusebius, held to . Eusebius does not say how the Sunday was decided.

Other documents from the 3rd and 4th centuries reveal that the customary practice was for Christians to consult their Jewish neighbors to determine when the week of Passover would fall, and to set Easter on the Sunday that fell within that week. The chief complaint was that the Jewish practice sometimes set the 1.

Nisan before the spring equinox. This is implied by Dionysius, Bishop of Alexandria, in the mid- 3rd century, who stated that .

And it was explicitly stated by Peter, bishop of Alexandria that . Jews in one city might have a method for reckoning the Week of Unleavened Bread different from that used by the Jews of another city. But these experiments themselves led to controversy, since some Christians held that the customary practice of holding Easter during the Jewish festival of Unleavened Bread should be continued, even if the Jewish computations were in error from the Christian point of view. It took several centuries before a common method was accepted throughout Christendom. The process of working out the details generated still further controversies.

The method from Alexandria became authoritative. In its developed form it was based on the epacts of a reckoned moon according to the 1. Metonic cycle. Such a cycle was first proposed by Bishop Anatolius of Laodicea (in present- day Syria), c. In Constantinople, several computists were active over the centuries after Anatolius (and after the Nicaean Council), but their Easter dates coincided with those of the Alexandrians.

Having deviated from the Alexandrians during the 6th century, churches beyond the eastern frontier of the former Byzantine Empire, including the Assyrian Church of the East. Dionysius introduced the Christian Era (counting years from the Incarnation of Christ) when he published new Easter tables in 5. The earliest known Roman tables were devised in 2. Hippolytus of Rome based on eight- year cycles. Then 8. 4- year tables were introduced in Rome by Augustalis near the end of the 3rd century.

These old tables were used in Northumbria until 6. A modified 8. 4- year cycle was adopted in Rome during the first half of the 4th century. Victorius of Aquitaine tried to adapt the Alexandrian method to Roman rules in 4. These used an 8. 4- year cycle because this made the dates of Easter repeat every 8. Add the fact that Easter could fall, at earliest, on the fourteenth day of the lunar month and often Eanfleda, who followed the Roman system, fasted on Palm Sunday at the same time that her husband Oswy, king of Northumbria, fasted on Easter Sunday. The Irish Synod of Mag L.

Bede records that, . This was done to conceal the inaccuracy that had accumulated in the new cycle since it was originally constructed. The Dionysian reckoning was fully described by Bede in 7. The Dionysian/Bedan computus remained in use in Western Europe until the Gregorian calendar reform, and remains in use in most Eastern Churches, including the vast majority of Eastern Orthodox Churches and Non- Chalcedonian Churches. German Protestant states used an astronomical Easter based on the Rudolphine Tables of Johannes Kepler between 1. Sweden used it from 1.

This astronomical Easter was one week before the Gregorian Easter in 1. There is an exception. The month ending in March normally has thirty days, but if 2. February of a leap year falls within it, it contains 3.

As these groups are based on the lunar cycle, over the long term the average month in the lunar calendar is a very good approximation of the synodic month, which is 7. There are 1. 2 synodic months in a lunar year, totaling either 3. The lunar year is about 1. These days by which the solar year exceeds the lunar year are called epacts (Greek: . Whenever the epact reaches or exceeds 3. The nineteen- year Metonic cycle assumes that 1. So after 1. 9 years the lunations should fall the same way in the solar years, and the epacts should repeat.

However, 1. 9 . So after 1. This is the so- called saltus lunae (. The Julian calendar handles it by reducing the length of the lunar month that begins on 1 July in the last year of the cycle to 2. This makes three successive 2. The extra months commenced on 3 December (year 2), 2 September (year 5), 6 March (year 8), 4 December (year 1. November (year 1. August (year 1. 6), and 5 March (year 1.

Easter is the Sunday after its 1. Sunday within its third week). The paschal lunar month always begins on a date in the 2. March to 5 April inclusive. Its fourteenth day, therefore, always falls on a date between 2.

March and 1. 8 April inclusive, and the following Sunday then necessarily falls on a date in the range 2. March to 2. 5 April inclusive. In the solar calendar Easter is called a moveable feast since its date varies within a 3. But in the lunar calendar, Easter is always the third Sunday in the paschal lunar month, and is no more .

The paschal full moon date is the ecclesiastical full moon date following 2. March. The Gregorian method derives paschal full moon dates by determining the epact for each year. The epact can have a value from * (0 or 3. The first day of a lunar month is considered the day of the first appearance of the crescent moon. The 1. 4th day is considered the day of the full moon. Historically the paschal full moon date for a year was found from its sequence number in the Metonic cycle, called the golden number, which cycle repeats the lunar phase on a certain date every 1. This method was abandoned in the Gregorian reform because the tabular dates go out of sync with reality after about two centuries, but from the epact method a simplified table can be constructed that has a validity of one to three centuries.

The epacts for the current Metonic cycle, which began in 2. Year. 20. 14. 20.

Goldennumber. 12. Epact. As an example of use, the golden number for 2. From the table, paschal full moon for golden number 6 is 1. April. From week table 1.