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• Moon landing conspiracy theories claim that some or all elements of the Apollo program and the associated Moon landings were hoaxes staged by NASA, possibly with the.
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Moon landing conspiracy theories - Wikipedia. Astronauts. Buzz Aldrin and Neil Armstrong in NASA's training mockup of the Moon and lander module. Conspiracy theorists say that the films of the missions were made using sets similar to this training mockup.

Moon landing conspiracy theories claim that some or all elements of the Apollo program and the associated Moon landings were hoaxes staged by NASA, possibly with the aid of other organizations. The most notable claim is that the six manned landings (1. Apollo astronauts did not actually walk on the Moon. Various groups and individuals have made claims since the mid- 1. NASA and others knowingly misled the public into believing the landings happened, by manufacturing, tampering with, or destroying evidence including photos, telemetry tapes, radio and TV transmissions, Moon rock samples, and even some key witnesses. Much third- party evidence for the landings exists, and detailed rebuttals to the hoax claims have been made.

Opinion polls taken in various locations have shown that between 6% and 2. Americans, 2. 5% of Britons, and 2. Russians surveyed believe that the manned landings were faked. Even as late as 2.

Fox television network documentary Conspiracy Theory: Did We Land on the Moon? Kaysing's book made many allegations, and effectively began discussion of the Moon landings being faked. Clarke and directed by Stanley Kubrick. She notes that this happened during the post- Watergate era, when American citizens were inclined to distrust official accounts.

Mass media have a terrible impact on people who lack guidance. The big problem is getting people there. Brian – a nuclear engineer who self- published a book in 1. Moongate: Suppressed Findings of the U.

S. Space Program. American journalist and writer, producer of the video Was It Only a Paper Moon? He believed that all of the Apollo missions to the Moon were actually carefully rehearsed productions that were then filmed in large sound stages. Fetzer – retired American philosophy professor and conspiracy theorist. On May 2, 2. 01. 3, Dr. Fetzer was interviewed by Dr. Sterling Harwood.

Fetzer defended his conspiracist views that all six lunar landings were hoaxes. He examined the photo of Aldrin emerging from the lander and said he can pinpoint when a spotlight was used. Using the focal length of the camera's lens and an actual boot, he allegedly calculated, using ray- tracing, that the spotlight is between 2.

He said that astronauts did land on the Moon, but to stop other states from benefiting from scientific information in the real photos, NASA published fake images. He also claims the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and some Soviet scientists helped NASA fake the landings. Percy – TV producer, expert in audiovisual technologies, and member of the Royal Photographic Society. He is co- author, along with Mary Bennett, of Dark Moon: Apollo and the Whistle- Blowers? He is the main proponent of the 'whistle- blower' accusation, arguing that mistakes in the NASA photos are so obvious that they are evidence that insiders are trying to 'blow the whistle' on the hoax by knowingly adding mistakes that they know will be seen.

He ignored high- altitude winds and the altitude at staging, 6. Moon was possible, not a manned landing on the Moon with return to Earth. He also allegedly found the reason for this – problems with the Inconelsuperalloy used in the F- 1 engine. Author of the self- published book NASA Mooned America! The arguments that Sibrel puts forward in this film have been debunked by many sources, including Svector Studios' five- part video series Lunar Legacy. Sibrel has said that the effect on the shot covered in his film was made through the use of a transparency of the Earth. Some parts of the original footage, according to Sibrel, were not able to be included on the official releases for the media.

On such allegedly censored parts, the correlation between Earth and Moon phases can be clearly confirmed, refuting Sibrel's claim that these shots were faked. On September 9, 2. Sibrel was punched in the face by Buzz Aldrin after Sibrel confronted Aldrin with his theories. In this film he repeatedly states that he does not necessarily doubt that America landed men on the Moon even though he thinks there was a conspiracy with Stanley Kubrick to fake the lunar landing footage. Jack D. White (1.

American photo historian known for his attempt to prove forgery in photos and the Zapruder film related to the assassination of John F. The three main theories are below.

The Space Race. Motivation for the United States to engage the Soviet Union in a Space Race can be traced to the then on- going Cold War. Landing on the Moon was viewed as a national and technological accomplishment that would generate world- wide acclaim. But going to the Moon would be risky and expensive, as exemplified by President. John F. Kennedy famously stating in a 1. United States chose to go because it was hard. Proving a hoax would have been a huge propaganda win for the Soviets.

Conspiracist Bart Sibrel responded, . NASA raised . The war was one of several federal budget items with which NASA had to compete; NASA's budget peaked in 1. Conspiracists have focused on perceived gaps or inconsistencies in the historical record of the missions. The foremost idea is that the whole manned landing program was a hoax from start to end. Some claim that the technology to send men to the Moon was lacking or that the Van Allen radiation belts, solar flares, solar wind, coronal mass ejections and cosmic rays made such a trip impossible.

Using the scientific process, any hypothesis that is contradicted by the observable facts may be rejected. The 'real landing' hypothesis is a single story since it comes from a single source, but there is no unity in the hoax hypothesis because hoax accounts vary between conspiracists. The conspiracy would have to involve more than 4. Apollo project for nearly ten years, the 1. Moon, the six others who flew with them as Command Module pilots, and another six astronauts who orbited the Moon. Longuski argues that it would have been much easier to really land on the Moon than to generate such a huge conspiracy to fake the landings.

Penn Jillette made note of this in the ! They point to oddities in photos and films taken on the Moon. Photography experts (including those unrelated to NASA) answer that the oddities are what one would expect from a real Moon landing, and not what would happen with tweaked or studio imagery. Some of the main arguments and counter- arguments are listed below. In some photos, crosshairs seem to be behind objects. The cameras were fitted with a R.

This suggests that objects have been . It is caused by overexposure: the bright white areas of the emulsion . The crosshairs are only about 0. Furthermore, there are many photos where the middle of the crosshair is . In some photos of the American flag, parts of one crosshair appear on the red stripes, but parts of the same crosshair are faded or invisible on the white stripes.

There would have been no reason to . The arms of the crosshair are washed- out on the white stripes of the flag (Photo ID: AS1. Close- up of the flag, showing washed- out crosshairs 2. Watch Birthright A War Story (2017) Online.

Crosshairs are sometimes rotated or in the wrong place. This is a result of popular photos being cropped and/or rotated for aesthetic impact. The quality of the photographs is implausibly high. There are no stars in any of the photos; the Apollo 1.

The astronauts were talking about naked- eye sightings of stars during the lunar daytime. They regularly sighted stars through the spacecraft navigation optics while aligning their inertial reference platforms, the Apollo PGNCS. Thus, the stars were outshone by the sun and by sunlight reflected off the Moon's surface. The astronauts' eyes were adapted to the sunlit landscape around them so that they could not see the relatively faint stars. Likewise, cameras were set for daylight exposure and could not detect the stars.