The Space Shuttle was a partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), as part of. Search files on torrent trackers without registration and rating. DownloadShield - best torrent search and download manager, Trusted and Highspeed Torrents download. The third-generation five-seat, five-door Hyundai i30 Premium small hatch was launched in May 2017.

Space Shuttle - Wikipedia. Space Shuttle. Function. Crewed orbital launch and reentry. Manufacturer. United Space Alliance. Thiokol/Alliant Techsystems (SRBs)Lockheed Martin/Martin Marietta (ET)Boeing/Rockwell (orbiter)Country of origin.

United States. Project cost. US$ 2. 10 billion (2. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), as part of the Space Shuttle program. Its official program name was Space Transportation System (STS), taken from a 1. Five complete Shuttle systems were built and used on a total of 1. Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida.

Operational missions launched numerous satellites, interplanetary probes, and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST); conducted science experiments in orbit; and participated in construction and servicing of the International Space Station. The Shuttle fleet's total mission time was 1. The Shuttle was launched vertically, like a conventional rocket, with the two SRBs operating in parallel with the OV's three main engines, which were fueled from the ET. The SRBs were jettisoned before the vehicle reached orbit, and the ET was jettisoned just before orbit insertion, which used the orbiter's two Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS) engines.

At the conclusion of the mission, the orbiter fired its OMS to de- orbit and re- enter the atmosphere. The orbiter then glided as a spaceplane to a runway landing, usually to the Shuttle Landing Facility at Kennedy Space Center, Florida or Rogers Dry Lake in Edwards Air Force Base, California. After landing at Edwards, the orbiter was flown back to the KSC on the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft, a specially modified version of the Boeing 7. The first orbiter, Enterprise, was built in 1.

Approach and Landing Tests and had no orbital capability. Four fully operational orbiters were initially built: Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, and Atlantis. Of these, two were lost in mission accidents: Challenger in 1. Columbia in 2. 00. A fifth operational (and sixth in total) orbiter, Endeavour, was built in 1.

Challenger. The Space Shuttle was retired from service upon the conclusion of Atlantis's final flight on July 2. Overview. It resulted from shuttle design studies conducted by NASA and the US Air Force in the 1. Space Transportation System (STS) of space vehicles to follow the Apollo program in a September 1. Space Task Group headed by Vice President Spiro Agnew to President Richard Nixon. Nixon's post- Apollo NASA budgeting withdrew support of all system components except the Shuttle, to which NASA applied the STS name. The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1. Kennedy Space Center, Florida.

The system was retired from service in 2. Major missions included launching numerous satellites and interplanetary probes. The first orbiter vehicle, named Enterprise, was built for the initial Approach and Landing Tests phase and lacked engines, heat shielding, and other equipment necessary for orbital flight.

Some payloads were launched into higher orbits with either of two different upper stages developed for the STS (single- stage Payload Assist Module or two- stage Inertial Upper Stage). The Space Shuttle was stacked in the Vehicle Assembly Building, and the stack mounted on a mobile launch platform held down by four frangible nuts.

It lifted off under the power of its two SRBs and three main engines, which were fueled by liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen from the ET. The Space Shuttle had a two- stage ascent. The SRBs provided additional thrust during liftoff and first- stage flight. About two minutes after liftoff, frangible nuts were fired, releasing the SRBs, which then parachuted into the ocean, to be retrieved by NASA recovery ships for refurbishment and reuse. The orbiter and ET continued to ascend on an increasingly horizontal flight path under power from its main engines. Upon reaching 1. 7,5.

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Earth orbit, the main engines were shut down. The ET, attached by two frangible nuts. The orbiter carried astronauts and payloads such as satellites or space station parts into low Earth orbit, the Earth's upper atmosphere or thermosphere. Two crew members, the commander and pilot, were sufficient for a minimal flight, as in the first four . The typical payload capacity was about 5. The orbiter carried its payload in a large cargo bay with doors that opened along the length of its top, a feature which made the Space Shuttle unique among spacecraft. This feature made possible the deployment of large satellites such as the Hubble Space Telescope and also the capture and return of large payloads back to Earth.

When the orbiter's space mission was complete, it fired its OMS thrusters to drop out of orbit and re- enter the lower atmosphere. In the lower atmosphere and landing phase, it was more like a glider but with reaction control system (RCS) thrusters and fly- by- wire- controlled hydraulically actuated flight surfaces controlling its descent.

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It landed on a long runway as a conventional aircraft. The aerodynamic shape was a compromise between the demands of radically different speeds and air pressures during re- entry, hypersonic flight, and subsonic atmospheric flight. Our Brand Is Crisis (2015) Movie Divx. As a result, the orbiter had a relatively high sink rate at low altitudes, and it transitioned during re- entry from using RCS thrusters at very high altitudes to flight surfaces in the lower atmosphere. Early history. Conceptualization had begun two decades earlier, before the Apollo program of the 1. One of the places the concept of a spacecraft returning from space to a horizontal landing originated was within NACA, in 1.

X- 1. 5. The NACA proposal was submitted by Walter Dornberger. In 1. 95. 8, the X- 1. X- 1. 5 into space, and another X- seriesspaceplane proposal, named X- 2. Dyna- Soar, as well as variety of aerospace plane concepts and studies. Neil Armstrong was selected to pilot both the X- 1. X- 2. 0. Though the X- 2. X- 2. 0 was built several years later and delivered to NASA in January 1.

HL- 1. 0 (. It proposed a development program with an immediate start on a . In 1. 96. 7, George Mueller held a one- day symposium at NASA headquarters to study the options. Eighty people attended and presented a wide variety of designs, including earlier US Air Force designs such as the X- 2. Dyna- Soar. In 1. NASA officially began work on what was then known as the Integrated Launch and Re- entry Vehicle (ILRV). At the same time, NASA held a separate Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) competition. NASA offices in Houston and Huntsville jointly issued a Request for Proposal (RFP) for ILRV studies to design a spacecraft that could deliver a payload to orbit but also re- enter the atmosphere and fly back to Earth.

For example, one of the responses was for a two- stage design, featuring a large booster and a small orbiter, called the DC- 3, one of several Phase A Shuttle designs. After the aforementioned .

In the final design, the bottom stage consisted of recoverable solid rocket boosters, and the top stage used an expendable external tank. A series of development programs and analysis refined the basic design, prior to full development and testing. In August 1. 97. 3, the X- 2. B proved that an unpowered spaceplane could re- enter Earth's atmosphere for a horizontal landing. Across the Atlantic, European ministers met in Belgium in 1. Western Europe's manned orbital project and its main contribution to Space Shuttle—the Spacelab program. It carried different payloads to low Earth orbit, provided crew rotation and supplies for the International Space Station (ISS), and performed satellite servicing and repair.

The orbiter could also recover satellites and other payloads from orbit and return them to Earth. Each Shuttle was designed for a projected lifespan of 1. The person in charge of designing the STS was Maxime Faget, who had also overseen the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo spacecraft designs. The crucial factor in the size and shape of the Shuttle orbiter was the requirement that it be able to accommodate the largest planned commercial and military satellites, and have over 1,0.

The Hindenburg Disaster . A somewhat less likely but still plausible theory attributes the spark to coronal discharge, more commonly known as St.

Elmo’s Fire. The cause of the hydrogen leak is more of a mystery, but we know the ship experienced a significant leakage of hydrogen before the disaster. No evidence of sabotage was ever found, and no convincing theory of sabotaged has ever been advanced. One thing is clear: the disaster had nothing to do with the zeppelin’s fabric covering. Hindenburg was just one of many hydrogen airships destroyed by fire because of their flammable lifting gas, and suggestions about the alleged flammability of the ship’s outer covering have been repeatedly debunked.

The simple truth is that Hindenburg was destroyed in 3. The Last Flight of the Hindenburg. Hindenburg began its last flight on May 3, 1. It was the airship’s 6. The ship left the Frankfurt airfield at 7: 1. PM and flew over Cologne, and then crossed the Netherlands before following the English Channel past the chalky cliffs of Beachy Head in southern England, and then heading out over the Atlantic shortly after 2: 0. AM the next day. Hindenburg at the Frankfurt airfield in 1.

Hindenburg followed a northern track across the ocean . Commerce Department report)While Captain Pruss (who was directing the ship’s heading and engine power settings) brought Hindenburg around the field, First Officer Albert Sammt (who was responsible for the ship’s trim and altitude, assisted by Watch Officer Walter Ziegler at the gas board and Second Officer Heinrich Bauer at the ballast board), valved 1. Hindenburg’s buoyancy in preparation for landing. The gas board used to valve hydrogen to keep the ship in trim. As Pruss continued the slow left turn of the oval landing pattern, reducing, and then reversing, the power from the engines, Sammt noticed that the ship was heavy in the tail and valved hydrogen from cells 1. Typically, during the landing of Hindenburg or Graf Zeppelin, the rudder and power were under the direction of one senior watch officer, while the elevators, ballast, and gas were under the direction of another senior watch officer; the ship’s captain observed all operations, but only intervened in the case of difficulty or disagreement with the actions of his officers.

The German procedure was noted frequently by American naval observers, perhaps because it differed so greatly from the practice followed by the United States Navy. During Hindenburg’s final landing maneuver, however, Captain Pruss personally directed the rudder and power, while Albert Sammt directed the elevators, ballast, and gas. Perhaps Pruss was simply used to this arrangement from his time as a watch officer, or perhaps a re- ordering of roles occurred because of the presence of senior captain and DZR flight director Ernst Lehmann on the bridge, but as far as this author knows, Captain Pruss never commented on the matter publicly, nor did Pruss ever try to evade his responsibility as commander by suggesting that Captain Lehmann was in actual operational control at the time of the accident.)Captain Albert Sammt. While Sammt was working to keep the ship in trim, the wind shifted direction from the east to the southwest. Ward, in charge of the port bow landing party, noticed what he described as a wave- like fluttering of the outer cover on the port side, between frames 6. Antrim, who was at the top of the mooring mast, also testified that he saw that the covering behind the rear port engine fluttering. At 7: 2. 5 PM, the first visible external flames appeared.

Reports vary, but most witnesses saw the first flames either at the top of the hull just forward of the vertical fin (near the ventilation shaft between cells 4 and 5) or between the rear port engine and the port fin (in the area of gas cells 4 and 5, where Ward and Antrim had seen the fluttering).(click to enlarge)For example, Lakehurst commander Rosendahl described a “mushroom shaped flower” of flame bursting into bloom in front of the upper fin. Benjamin May, the assistant mooring officer, who was atop the mooring mast, testified that an area just behind the rear port engine (where Ward and Antrim reported the fluttering) “seemed to collapse,” after which he saw streaks of flame followed by a muffled explosion, and then the entire tail was engulfed by flame. Lau described the flames he saw at cell 4 at the inquiry:  “The bright reflection in the cell was inside.

I saw it through the cell. It was at first red and yellow and there was smoke in it. The cell did not burst on the lower side. The cell suddenly disappeared by the heat.

The fire proceeded further down and then it got air. The flame became very bright and the fire rose up to the side, more to the starboard side, as I remember seeing it, and I saw that with the flame aluminum parts and fabric parts were thrown up. In that same moment the forward cell and the back cell of cell 4 also caught fire . At that time parts of girders, molten aluminum and fabric parts started to tumble down from the top.

The whole thing only lasted a fraction of a second.”The fire quickly spread and soon engulfed the tail of the ship, but the ship remained level for a few more seconds before the tail began to sink and the nose pointed upward to the sky, with a blowtorch of flame erupting from the bow where twelve crew members were stationed, including the six who were sent forward to keep ship in trim. In the port and starboard promenades on the passenger decks, where many of the passengers and some of the crew had gathered to watch the landing, the rapidly increasing angle of the ship caused passengers and crew to tumble against the walls, the furniture, and each other; passenger Margaret Mather recalled being hurled 1.

Survival and Death. The fire spread so quickly — consuming the ship in less than a minute — that survival was largely a matter of where one happened to be located when the fire broke out.

Passengers and crew members began jumping out the promenade windows to escape the burning ship, and most of the passengers and all of the crew who were in the public rooms on A Deck at the time of the fire — close to the promenade windows — did survive. Millions of people around the world saw the dramatic inferno which consumed the ship and its passengers. Oh, the Humanity!

At least, that’s the conventional wisdom about why the age of the zeppelin died that rainy day at Lakehurst. But perhaps after 3. Watch England Is Mine (2017) Hd there. LZ- 4, LZ- 5, Deutschland, Deutschland II, Schwaben, R- 3. R- 1. 01, Shenandoah, Akron, Macon, and the list goes on — perhaps the public had just had enough. And more importantly, despite its romance and grandeur, Hindenburg was obsolete before it ever flew. On November 2. 2, 1.

Hindenburg first took to the air — Pan American Airways’ M- 1. China Clipper made the first scheduled flight across the Pacific.

The M- 1. 30 could have crossed the Atlantic with ease; its 2,4. San Francisco to Honolulu was longer than distance required to cross the North Atlantic. PRELIMINARY REMARKS: Immediately after.. It’s a terrific crash, ladies and gentlemen.

In fact, the Hindenburg was just one of dozens of.. Only 3. 6 passengers flew on Hindenburg’s first North American flight of 1. United States.. The Hindenburg disaster is often compared with the sinking of the Titanic, and there is a common misconception that the Hindenburg crash was more deadly.