Gulag - Wikipedia. A map of the USSR's various Gulag prison- camps, which existed between 1. Memorial, a human rights group.

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4. Although the term Gulag originally referred to a government agency, in English and many other languages the acronym acquired the qualities of a common noun, denoting.
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Some of these camps only operated for a brief part of the entire period of the Gulag's existence. The Gulag (Russian: . The term is also commonly used to reference any forced- labor camp in the Soviet Union, including in post- Stalin times. Large numbers were convicted by simplified procedures, such as NKVD troikas (secret police) and other instruments of extrajudicial punishment.

The Gulag is recognized as a major instrument of political repression in the Soviet Union. The agency's full name was the Main Administration of Corrective Labor Camps and Labor Settlements (. It was administered first by the State Political Administration (GPU), later by the NKVD and in the final years by the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD).

The Solovki prison camp, the first corrective labor camp constructed after the revolution, was established in 1. The internment system grew rapidly, reaching a population of 1. The author likened the scattered camps to . A further 6–7 million were deported and exiled to remote areas of the USSR, and 4–5 million passed through labor colonies, plus 3.

GUPVI was the Main Administration for Affairs of Prisoners of War and Internees (Russian: . In many ways the GUPVI system was similar to GULAG. The top management of GUPVI came from the GULAG system. The major noted distinction from GULAG was the absence of convicted criminals in the GUPVI camps. Otherwise the conditions in both camp systems were similar: hard labor, poor nutrition and living conditions, and high mortality rate.

According with the estimates, in total, during the whole period of the existence of GUPVI there were over 5. POW camps (within the Soviet Union and abroad), which imprisoned over 4,0. POW. Some independent estimates are as low as 1. The centralized detention facilities temporarily ceased functioning. The term's contemporary usage is at times notably not directly related to the USSR, such as in the expression “North Korea's Gulag”.

The official term, . The Russian Empire and the Tsar first invented the exile in Siberia as a punishment within the judicial system: Katorga, a category of punishment within the judicial system of the Russian Empire, had many of the features associated with labor- camp imprisonment: confinement, simplified facilities (as opposed to prisons), and forced labor, usually involving hard, unskilled or semi- skilled work. Katorga camps were established in the 1. Siberia and the Russian Far East – regions that had few towns or food sources and lacked any organized transportation systems. Despite the isolated conditions, a few prisoners successfully escaped to populated areas. After the change in Russian penal law in 1.

Russian Empire. This led to increasing numbers of Poles sent to Siberia for katorga. From these times, Siberia gained its fearful connotation of punishment, which was further enhanced by the Soviet GULAG system. During 1. 92. 0–5.

Communist Party and the Soviet state considered repression to be a tool that was to be used for securing the normal functioning of the Soviet state system, as well as for preserving and strengthening the positions within their social base, the working class (when the Bolsheviks took power, peasants represented 8. The two main types were . Various categories of prisoners were defined: petty criminals, POWs of the Russian Civil War, officials accused of corruption, sabotage and embezzlement, political enemies, dissidents and other people deemed dangerous for the state. In 1. 92. 8 there were 3. In 1. 92. 7 the official in charge of prison administration wrote: The exploitation of prison labor, the system of squeezing . April 7, 1. 93. 0.

It was renamed as the Gulag in November of that year. The growth of the camp system coincided with the peak of the Soviet industrialization campaign. Most of the camps established to accommodate the masses of incoming prisoners were assigned distinct economic tasks.

The plan to achieve these goals with . Hundreds of thousands of persons were arrested and sentenced to long prison terms on the grounds of one of the multiple passages of the notorious Article 5. Criminal Codes of the Union republics, which defined punishment for various forms of . Under NKVD Order No. Gulag inmates were executed in 1. Suspense Thriller Movies Love And Taxes (2017).

After Lenin's death in 1. Stalin was able to take control of the government, and began to form the gulag system. On June 2. 7, 1. 92. Politburo created a system of self- supporting camps that would eventually replace the existing prisons around the country. Prisoners that had a shorter prison sentence than three years were to remain in the prison system that was still under the purview of the NKVD.

The purpose of these new camps was to colonize the remote and inhospitable environments throughout the Soviet Union. These changes took place around the same time that Stalin started to institute collectivization and rapid industrial development. Collectivization resulted in a large scale purge of peasants and so- called Kulaks. The Kulaks were supposedly wealthy (comparatively to other Soviet peasants) and were considered to be capitalists by the state, and by extension enemies of socialism. By late 1. 92. 9 Stalin started a program known as . Stalin demanded that the kulak class be completely wiped out. This resulted in the imprisonment and execution of Soviet peasants.

This resulted in 6. This was only the beginning of the dekulakization process. In 1. 93. 1 alone 1,8. This resulted in the government having to give rations to a group of people they were getting hardly any use out of, and was just costing the Soviet government money. The Unified State Political Administration (OGPU) quickly realized the problem, and began to reform the dekulakization process. To help prevent the mass escapes the OGPU started to recruit people within the colony to help stop people who attempted to leave, and set up ambushes around known popular escape routes.

The OGPU also attempted to raise the living conditions in these camps that would not encourage people to actively try and escape, and Kulaks were promised that they would regain their rights after five years. Even these revisions ultimately failed to resolve the problem, and the dekulakization process was a failure in providing the government with a steady forced labor force.

These prisoners were also lucky to be in the gulag in the early 1. Prisoners were relatively well off compared to what the prisoners would have to go through in the final years of the gulag. In 1. 94. 0 the Soviet Union occupied Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Bessarabia (now the Republic of Moldova) and Bukovina. According to some estimates, hundreds of thousands of Polish citizens.

However, according to the official data, the total number of sentences for political and antistate (espionage, terrorism) crimes in USSR in 1. In the winter of 1. Gulag's population died of starvation. This period accounts for about half of all gulag deaths, according to Russian statistics. In 1. 94. 3, the term katorga works (. They were initially intended for Nazi collaborators, but then other categories of political prisoners (for example, members of deported peoples who fled from exile) were also sentenced to . Prisoners sentenced to .

Right before the war, forced labor provided 4. At first, transportation remained a priority. In 1. 94. 0 the NKVD focused most of its energy on railroad construction. In addition, factories converted to produce ammunition, uniforms, and other supplies. Moreover, the NKVD gathered skilled workers and specialists from throughout the Gulag into 3. For one, actual productivity almost never matched estimates: the estimates proved far too optimistic. In addition, scarcity of machinery and tools plagued the camps, and the tools that the camps did have quickly broke.

The Eastern Siberian Trust of the Chief Administration of Camps for Highway Construction destroyed ninety- four trucks in just three years.

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